​​Rapid manufacturing anywhere, anytime 
​| Singapore | Materials 2024
Remanufacturing
(a) Original shape
(b) Embedded inside solid "resin"
(c) Dual beam UV cross-linking
​(d) Final shape
Compared with other current 3D printing technologies, summarize the advantages of solid-state photo-crosslinking volume printing technology, including cost-effectiveness, application areas, etc.

Solid-state photo-crosslinking volume printing technology (SVP) presents distinct advantages over other current 3D printing technologies. Below is a summary of these advantages, particularly focusing on cost-effectiveness and application areas:

Advantages
1. Rapid Manufacturing
  • Advantage: SVP can complete the entire 3D structure within seconds to minutes, significantly reducing production time compared to layer-by-layer methods.
  • Application Areas: Ideal for scenarios requiring rapid prototyping and on-demand manufacturing, such as medical emergencies, research experiments, and quick product development.
2. High Dimensional Stability
  • Advantage: Solid-state resins remain stable and do not flow before curing, reducing deformation risk during the printing process.
  • Application Areas: Suitable for high-precision and stability-demanding applications like precision components, aerospace parts, and electronic components.
3. Reduced Material Waste
  • Advantage: Unused solid-state resin can be easily recycled and reused, minimizing material waste compared to liquid resins.
  • Application Areas: Ideal for resource-constrained environments, such as space missions and remote research stations.
4. Vibration and Environment Resistance
  • Advantage: Solid-state resins perform well under strong vibrations and microgravity, maintaining shape and form without environmental influence.
  • Application Areas: Suitable for aerospace, military, and extreme environmental manufacturing needs.
5. Simplified Post-processing
  • Advantage: Overall curing minimizes the need for support removal and layer smoothing, streamlining the post-processing steps.
  • Application Areas: Beneficial for applications requiring quick final products, such as custom medical devices, instant tools, and mold making.
6. Environmental Friendliness
  • Advantage: Solid-state resins generally have low volatility, reducing harmful gas emissions and creating a safer, more eco-friendly work environment.
  • Application Areas: Perfect for manufacturing sectors with high environmental standards, such as green manufacturing and eco-friendly product development.

Cost-effectiveness
Initial Investment
  • Advantage: Although the initial investment for SVP equipment might be higher, the high efficiency and reduced material waste can significantly lower long-term operational costs.
Operational Costs
  • Advantage: Lower material waste and simplified post-processing reduce material and labor costs, enhancing production efficiency.
Material Recycling
  • Advantage: The ability to recycle solid-state resin further reduces material costs, improving overall cost-effectiveness.

Application Areas
Medical and Biotechnology
  • Advantage: Rapid prototyping and high precision are ideal for custom medical devices, prosthetics, dental models, and more.
Aerospace
  • Advantage: High dimensional stability and vibration resistance make SVP suitable for manufacturing precision parts and using in microgravity environments.
Electronics and Precision Engineering
  • Advantage: Ideal for producing high-precision electronic components, MEMS (Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems), and other intricate parts.
Research and Education
  • Advantage: Rapid prototyping and low operational costs are beneficial for creating models and equipment for scientific research and educational purposes.
Industrial Manufacturing
  • Advantage: Efficiency and eco-friendliness are suitable for quick mold creation, tool manufacturing, and small-batch production.
Conclusion

Solid-state photo-crosslinking volume printing technology (SVP) offers significant advantages in rapid manufacturing, high dimensional stability, reduced material waste, and environmental adaptability. These benefits make it highly suitable for various high-demand applications. Despite the potentially higher initial equipment costs, the high efficiency and low operational costs ensure excellent cost-effectiveness in the long run. As technology advances, SVP is likely to find broader applications across diverse fields.
与目前的其它3D打印技术相对比，总结固态下光交联的体打印技术的优势，包括性价比，应用领域等

ChatGPT固态下光交联的体打印技术（Solid-state Volumetric Photopolymerization Printing, SVP）相对于目前的其他3D打印技术有着独特的优势，尤其是在特定应用领域和成本效益方面。以下是对其优势的总结：
​
优势
  1. 快速制造
    • 优势：体打印技术能够在几秒钟到几分钟内完成整个3D结构的打印，相比于逐层构建的传统3D打印方法，时间显著减少。
    • 应用领域：适用于需要快速原型制作和即时制造的场景，如医疗急救、科研实验、快速产品开发等。
  2. 高尺寸稳定性
    • 优势：固态树脂在未固化时不会流动，保持原始形状和尺寸稳定性，减少了打印过程中的变形风险。
    • 应用领域：适用于高精度和高稳定性要求的应用，如精密零件制造、航空航天部件、电子元件等。
  3. 低材料浪费
    • 优势：固态树脂在未使用时可以直接回收和再利用，减少了材料浪费，相对于液态树脂更环保。
    • 应用领域：适用于资源有限的环境，如太空探索、远程科研基地等。
  4. 抗振性和环境适应性
    • 优势：固态树脂在强振动和微重力环境下表现出色，不会因环境变化而流动或变形。
    • 应用领域：适用于航空航天、军事和其他极端环境下的制造需求。
  5. 减少后处理步骤
    • 优势：由于整体固化，体打印技术减少了去除支撑结构和平滑层间接缝的后处理步骤，简化了加工过程。
    • 应用领域：适用于需要快速成品的制造过程，如定制医疗器械、即时工具和模具制作等。
  6. 环境友好
    • 优势：固态树脂通常挥发性低，减少了有害气体的释放，提供更安全和环保的工作环境。
    • 应用领域：适用于对环保要求高的制造业，如绿色制造、环保产品开发等。
性价比
  1. 初始投资
    • 优势：虽然固态光交联体打印技术的设备初始投资可能较高，但其高效率和低材料浪费可以在长期使用中显著降低运营成本。
  2. 运营成本
    • 优势：低材料浪费和简化的后处理步骤减少了材料和人力成本，提高了生产效率。
  3. 回收利用
    • 优势：固态树脂可以回收利用，进一步降低材料成本，提高性价比。
应用领域
  1. 医疗和生物技术
    • 优势：快速原型制作和高精度打印适用于定制医疗器械、假肢、牙科模型等。
  2. 航空航天
    • 优势：高尺寸稳定性和抗振性适用于制造精密部件和在微重力环境中的应用。
  3. 电子和精密工程
    • 优势：适用于制造高精度电子元件、微机电系统（MEMS）等。
  4. 科研与教育
    • 优势：快速成型和低成本运营适用于科研实验、教育教学中的模型制作和研究设备。
  5. 工业制造
    • 优势：高效率和环保特性适用于快速模具制作、工具制造和小批量生产。
结论
固态下光交联的体打印技术在快速制造、高尺寸稳定性、低材料浪费和环境适应性等方面具有显著优势，适用于多个高要求的应用领域。尽管初始设备投资较高，但其高效率和低运营成本使其在长期使用中具有很高的性价比。随着技术的不断进步，这种技术有望在更多领域得到广泛应用。

4o

​快速固态增材制造(Rapid additive manufacturing in solid state )202105

Illustration of working principle using a thermal gel
热敏胶演示工作原理

UV curing in solid state 

Dual-mask, twice cross-linking
​Rapid Volumatic additive manufacturing of cooling-responsive shape memory hydrogel in solid state via dual-mask cross-linking in solid state

Preliminary experimental result
by Faqrul Hasif Bin Abdul Nasir ​(FYP)
Picture
Before cross-linking, the solid gel is hard enough to support a few coins placed atop.

Dual-beam cross-linking

​Shape memory effect in cross-linked vitrimer
Chemo-responsive
Heating-responsive
Upon heating to its melting temperature, the vitrimer becomes transparent, but still in solid state. Just right for volumetric additive manufacturing.
​Demonstration of UV cross-linking in solid state at room temperature of Vitrimer
by Dr HM Chen etc (Sichuan Normal University, PRC​)
​
Room-Temperature Solid-State UV Cross-Linkable Vitrimer-like Polymers for Additive Manufacturing. Polymers 2022, 14, 2203
Patents pending

Rapid manufacturing anywhere, anytime | IWACCE 2024

​Rapid manufacturing anywhere, anytime | Singapore | Materials 2024

Rapid manufacturing anywhere, anytime (2024.03)

Rapid manufacturing anywhere, anytime (2023.11)

References

​科普：

​如何一下子打印一个“体”？
​什么是体积生物打印技术
​(Volumetric bioprinting) ？
Picture
​绿钥生物科技
Green Key Biotechnology
为什么体积生物打印成为活细胞打印的最佳选择？探索3D打印技术的突破性优势！
​体积生物打印原理深度解析：探索生物医学打印的未来
​绿钥生物科技(广州)有限公司位于广州国际生物岛，以无接触、超快速体积生物打印技术 (Volumetric Bioprinting)为核心的创新型生物科技企业，目前公司拥有千余平研发场池和上千万的研发装备，致力于开发最前沿的生物打印技术以及功能性生物墨水耗材。
​数秒内完成厘米级打印，OrganSEC为生物3D打印提速！

​"体积3D打印"技术开源了

伯克利研究人员将3D打印机送入太空
​容积3D打印的技术资料：

1.加州大学伯克利分校 Open CAL网站：
https://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~hayden/index.php

2.Open CAL GitHub项目地址：
https://github.com/computed-axial-lithography

3.Berkeley researchers send 3D printer into space
无层3D打印机诞生！真就造出来了？
Computed Axial Lithography (CAL) is an emerging technology for manufacturing complex parts, all at once, by circumventing the traditional layered approach using tomography. Overprinting, a unique additive manufacturing capability of CAL, allows for a 3D geometry to be formed around a prepositioned insert where the occlusion of light is compensated for by the other angular projections. This method opens the door for novel applications within additive manufacturing for multi-material systems such as endoskeletal robots. Herein, this work presents one such application with a simple Gelatin Methacrylate (GelMA)hydrogel osmotic actuator with an embedded endoskeletal system. GelMA is an ideal material for this application as it is swellable and has reversible thermal gelation, enabling suspension of the endoskeleton during printing. By tuning the material formulation, the actuator design, and post-processing, swelling-induced bending actuation of 60 degrees is achieved. To aid in the printing process, a simple computational method for determining the absolute dose absorbed by the resin allowing for print time prediction is also proposed.
​违背常识的“凭空造物”！盘点全球11种金属及非金属材料无支撑3D打印技术
​Triplet fusion upconversion nanocapsules for volumetric 3D printing
​Light-sheet three-dimensional microprinting via two-colour two-step absorption
卷式连续光固化高精3D打印
Roll-to-roll, high-resolution 3D printing of shape-specific particles
​Particle fabrication has attracted recent attention owing to its diverse applications in bioengineering1,2, drug and vaccine delivery3,4,5, microfluidics6,7, granular systems8,9, self-assembly5,10,11, microelectronics12,13 and abrasives14. Herein we introduce a scalable, high-resolution, 3D printing technique for the fabrication of shape-specific particles based on roll-to-roll continuous liquid interface production (r2rCLIP). We demonstrate r2rCLIP using single-digit, micron-resolution optics in combination with a continuous roll of film (in lieu of a static platform), enabling the rapidly permutable fabrication and harvesting of shape-specific particles from a variety of materials and with complex geometries, including geometries not possible to achieve with advanced mould-based techniques. We demonstrate r2rCLIP production of mouldable and non-mouldable shapes with voxel sizes as small as 2.0 × 2.0 µm2 in the print plane and 1.1 ± 0.3 µm unsupported thickness, at speeds of up to 1,000,000 particles per day. Such microscopic particles with permutable, intricate designs enable direct integration within biomedical, analytical and advanced materials applications.

​Acoustically Assisted 

All are applicable in
​solid-state VAM
​via heating or non-heating cross-linking

​Nature子刊!隔空成型+不用光热的声波3D打印
​Holographic direct sound printing

​苏黎世联邦理工学院《Advanced Materials》 | 声学控制体积3D打印实物中的微粒图案化
​SonoPrint: Acoustically Assisted Volumetric 3D Printing for Composites

​“声控”3D体内打印实现关键突破，加州大学团队荣膺David Dornfeld愿景奖

​自增强声墨可实现深层渗透的声学3D打印
Self-enhancing sono-inks enable deep-penetration acoustic volumetric printing
​Most methods for three-dimensional (3D) printing of polymers use focused light to control the formation of volume units (voxels). Kuang et al. developed a technique that they call deep-penetrating acoustic volumetric printing (DAVP), which uses a viscoelastic ink and high-intensity focused ultrasound (see the Perspective by Yao and Shapiro). A key feature of the technique is the sono-ink they used, which prevents curing beyond the focal point, thus preventing solidification beyond the intended voxel. A key advantage of using ultrasound is that it can penetrate multiple centimeters deep into opaque media. —Marc S. Lavine
​微波体积增材制造技术，可固化不透明材料
​Towards microwave volumetric additive manufacturing: Generation of a computational multi-physics model for localized curing
​Visible light-based volumetric additive manufacturing (VAM) technology has recently enabled rapid 3D printing of optically transparent resins in a single step. There is now strong interest in extending the design space of VAM to include opaque, scattering and composite materials. Microwave energy can penetrate more deeply than visible light into a broader family of materials. For microwaves to be useful for VAM, however it is necessary to have a fundamental understanding of material dielectric properties, microwave field propagation and localization. Here we present a multi-physics microwave beam formed-thermal diffusion model that addresses these needs. The model demonstrates its ability to optimize power delivery and curing time to obtain better thermal control. We validate the model with a proof-of-concept single-antenna experimental system operating at 10 GHz that is able to cure a wide variety of materials, including both optically translucent and opaque epoxy resins loaded with conductive additives with a minimum curing spot of 5 mm. While available microwave hardware operating at 40 Watt power cures the resins in 2.5 min, the model estimates the ability to cure in as less as 6 s at 1 Kilowatt power levels. This computational model and experiments lay the foundation for a future multi-waveguide microwave-based VAM system.
​微波能量激活3D打印新赛道！微波热固体积成型
​在500 W功率下，渗透深度可达100 mm，而分辨率约为20 mm。该模型为优化工艺参数、平衡分辨率和渗透深度提供了理论指导。
​在40W功率下微波辐照150s，即可在距容器边缘12mm处形成一个直径约1cm的固化点
​全息直接声音3D打印：超越空间与物质界限的制造技术
​直接声音打印（DSP）的特点在于利用声场中焦点区域的化学活性空化气泡在打印树脂介质中引发聚合反应。DSP与其他3D打印技术的主要区别在于其能量来源和化学激活方式。传统的3D打印过程通常采用光或热来引发化学反应或物理变化，而DSP则采用声化学方法，利用声场内空化气泡的动态行为。在声化学过程中，空化气泡经历快速振荡，在低压力时膨胀，在高压力时猛烈崩溃，崩溃时产生的高温高压局部热点足以瞬间打破和形成化学键，从而触发化学反应。这种气泡内的极端环境为DSP过程中的化学反应提供了条件，使得材料在微观尺度上的聚合反应得以精确控制。
​DSP利用空化现象进行创造，成为一种独特的3D打印方法，能够直接打印包括热固化热固性树脂等难以通过光或热处理的材料。此外，DSP还引入了一种新的3D打印范式—--远程距离打印，展示了在光学不透明和非透明障碍物之外进行打印的可能性。

​3D 打印的突破，热引发剂在立体光刻中的应用
Kam D, et al. 3D printing by stereolithography using thermal initiators.
​Nat Commun. 2024 Mar 13;15(1):2285.  ​
​Rapid Liquid Print
Innovation that defies gravity
​RLP is breaking the mold with patented Gravity Free Manufacturing™
Our gravity free environment unlocks the freedom to create diverse silicone products with 1000% elongation properties. With 3D-printed inflatables, manufacturing and design has no limits.

​Additive manufacturing of metallic glass from powder in space

​ npj Microgravity 9, 80 (2023)
​Christian Neumann团队在《Npj Microgravity》期刊发表了题为"Additive manufacturing of metallic glass from powder in space"的研究论文。该研究创新性地设计并构建了适用于微重力环境的金属玻璃粉末激光粉末床熔合（LPBF）增材制造系统，并成功在探空火箭飞行实验中实现了太空环境下的实际打印。研究通过扫描电子显微镜（SEM）系统分析了激光功率和扫描速度对3D网格结构微观组织的影响规律，最终完成了高质量部件的太空成形制造。这项研究不仅首次实证了微重力环境下金属玻璃粉末增材制造的可行性，更凸显了太空增材制造技术进一步优化的发展潜力，为未来空间制造技术的发展奠定了重要基础。
​https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-023-00327-7
Additive manufacturing of metals – and in particular building with laser-based powder bed fusion – is highly flexible and allows high-resolution features and feedstock savings. Meanwhile, though space stations in low Earth orbit are established, a set of visits to the Moon have been performed, and humankind can send out rovers to explore Venus and Mars, none of these milestone missions is equipped with technology to manufacture functional metallic parts or tools in space. In order to advance space exploration to long-term missions beyond low Earth orbit, it will be crucial to develop and employ technology for in-space manufacturing (ISM) and in-situ resource utilisation (ISRU). To use the advantages of laser-based powder bed fusion in these endeavours, the challenge of powder handling in microgravity must be met. Here we present a device capable of building parts using metallic powders in microgravity. This was proven on several sounding rocket flights, on which occasions Zr-based metallic glass parts produced by additive manufacturing in space were built. The findings of this work demonstrate that building parts using powder feedstock, which is more compact to transport into space than wire, is possible in microgravity environments. This thus significantly advances ISRU and ISM and paves the way for future tests in prolonged microgravity settings.

​商业返回式货运飞船将首飞！谁将是太空3D打印第一？(2025年4月27日)
​零重力 3D 打印：完整指南！2024年07月21日 07:58
​长征五号B火箭射上天的太空3D打印机
​2020年5月5日18时整，为我国载人空间站工程研制的长征五号B运载火箭成功将搭载的新一代载人飞船试验船送入预定轨道，首飞任务取得圆满成功，实现空间站阶段飞行任务首战告捷。在此次新一代载人飞船上还搭载了一件完全由我国科研团队自主研发的新型装备——“连续纤维增强复合材料太空3D打印装备”，这将是我国首次太空3D打印实验，也是国际上第一次在太空中开展连续纤维复合材料的3D打印实验。
​China conducts 1st 3D printing experiment in space
​2020-05-07
China has conducted its first 3D printing experiment in space on a newly launched spacecraft, according to the China Academy of Space Technology.
​王功：長征新火箭送太空3D打印機上天，去太空開工廠還有多遠？
​中科院太空制造团队
​Redwire Space (Formerly Made in Space)
​2014 年，Made In Space 在国际空间站上成功安装并运行了第一台 3D 打印机，这是第一个重要的里程碑。
​在轨制造，再进一步！太空3D打印即将开展舱外打印实验
​Solving the Challenges of Long Duration Space Flight with 3D Printing
​里程碑！太空金属3D打印实验完成！人类深空自给能力有望提高！
​人类首次太空金属3D打印正式测试！激光送丝增材制造迎来新发展
​伯克利研究人员将3D打印机送入太空
​MELT 3D printer
​Europe’s first 3D printer designed for use in weightlessness, printing aerospace-quality plastics, has won the prestigious Aerospace Applications Award from design-to-manufacturing specialist TCT Magazine.
​What is Sub-surface Laser Engraving or a 'Bubblegram'? Technology Explained